From 1856–60 the First Sino-Japanese War took place, which resulted in the loss of Chinese influence over Korea and the cession of Taiwan to Japan. This lengthy era saw the First (1839–42) and Second Opium Wars (1856–60) with France and Britain, following which control of Hong Kong was ceded to the British. Control of the city was recovered, and Beijing became the capital of the Manchu Qing Dynasty or Great Qing (大清), the last imperial dynasty of China. This period also saw the Chinese capital moved to Beijing.Īfter control of Beijing was lost during a peasant revolt in 1644, Ming forces allied themselves with those of the Manchu. As Mongol military power began to wane, the Ming Dynasty or Great Ming (大明) was established in 1368, beginning another golden era of prosperity, expansion and a flourishing of art and culture. During this warring period, the Chinese population was reduced from 120 millions to only 60 millions. This culminated in the establishment of a Yuan (大元) Dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271, which ultimately controlled all of China until 1368 CE. This era experienced a flourishing of artistic and philosophical pursuits, a revival of traditional Confucian principles, and a population that nearly doubled to 10 million.ĭuring the 12th century, the Mongol Empire began encroaching further and further into Chinese territory, gradually assuming greater military control. This period was succeeded by the Song Dynasty (宋朝 - 960-1279 CE), another golden age that saw the establishment of the first permanent Chinese naval force, as well as the first distribution of paper money in human history. As the name implies, this was characterized by the establishment of ten small kingdoms and five small dynasties, each of which consolidated its power only in small portions of the country. Although lasting from 618–907 CE, the dynasty ultimately collapsed after a series of rebellions and natural disasters, leaving the region in relative chaos.įollowing the demise of the Tang Dynasty, an era known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (五代十国) lasted from 907–960/979 CE. Chinese culture had considerable influence at this time over Vietnam, Korea and Japan, and many significant advances were made in engineering, literature, printing, medicine, religion and philosophy. This period was followed by the Tang Dynasty (唐朝), considered a golden age of cosmopolitan culture and a period of progress and stability. The Sui (隋) Dynasty was a short-lived era (581–618 CE) that saw the conquest of Vietnam, as well as costly but unsuccessful military campaigns against the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. Although an era of warfare and strife, this period also saw a flourishing of arts and culture, significant advancement in technology, and the spreading of Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism throughout China. Another period of civil war and unrest lasted from 420 to 589 CE, and is known as the Southern and Northern Dynasties period (南北朝). This was succeeded in turn by a period known as the Three Kingdoms of Wei (魏), Shu (蜀), and Wu (吳), after which the Jin Dynasty (晉朝 - 265-420 CE) was established. The Qin dynasty (秦朝) was followed by that of the Han (汉朝/漢朝), lasting from 206 BCE to 220 CE. It is during this Qin period that considerable portions of the Great Wall (万里长城) were built. The state of Qin was ultimately successful in consolidating power, and thus in 221 began the dynastic rule of the Qin over all of China, and the beginning of what is known as the Imperial period of Chinese history. The latter part of the Zhou (771-476 BCE) is often called the Warring States period, referring to a general era of warfare and regional shifting that took place between seven major states: Qin, Han, Wei, Zhao, Qi, Chu and Yan. This was followed by the Shang Dynasty (商朝 - 1600-1046 BCE), and the Zhou Dynasty (周朝 - 1046-256 BCE) - the latter being sub-divided into two periods, the Western and Eastern Zhou. China also has one of the fastest growing economies in the world.Ĭhinese tradition holds that the first imperial dynasty, the Xia (夏朝), was established around 2070 BCE. Today known as the People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国) or PRC, this region has been occupied by humans since at least 11,000 BCE and produced one of the world's most ancient civilizations. 4 Experimental, Short-Lived and Unofficial Chinese Camouflage PatternsĬhina or Zhōngguó (中國) is the second-largest nation by land area as well as the world's most populous country.3 Camouflage of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force and other Agencies.2 Camouflage Patterns of the Chinese Armed Forces.
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